Aerial view of Palmanova, a fortress city in Friuli, Italy

Geometry of a star city. Aerial view of Palmanova, a fortress city in Friuli, Italy

From above, Palmanova looks less like a town and more like a carefully drawn star set into the plains of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. Founded by the Republic of Venice in 1593, this fortress city was designed for defense, order, and spectacle. Its streets radiate from a central square, while its walls are shaped into a precise nine-pointed pattern. That geometry was no accident. Palmanova became one of the most influential models of early modern military architecture. It was protected by concentric fortifications built first under Venice and later strengthened and expanded during the Napoleonic period.

Today, the city is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site 'Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries.' Its aerial view reveals the concept at a glance: beauty and strategy combined in a single design. Walk through its gates and bastions, and the star becomes more than a shape—it becomes a city meant to be read from the sky.