Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia

© Robertharding/Shutterstoc

On the sacred mountain. Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia

Imagine a colossal puzzle made from over 2 million stone blocks—that's Borobudur, seen in today's image. Built during the 9th century in the reign of the Shailendra dynasty—an influential ruling family in Southeast Asia—it's the world's largest Buddhist temple, standing tall on the island of Java, Indonesia. This ancient sanctum has withstood centuries of natural challenges, including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, thanks to its advanced interlocking stone system. Historically, Borobudur was an important pilgrimage site. The structure is divided into three sections: the base has detailed carvings that teach moral lessons; the middle level consists of five square terraces with reliefs depicting daily life and historical events; and the upper levels are three circular platforms with 72 stupas—mound-like structures containing Buddha statues.

Like Borobudur's significance as a pilgrimage destination, Buddhism has three primary pilgrimage sites in India: Bodh Gaya, where the Buddha attained enlightenment; Sarnath, the site of his first sermon; and Kushinagar, where he attained parinirvana. Another important site is Lumbini, in southern Nepal, where he was born. Each of these sacred locations plays a pivotal role in the Buddhist spiritual journey.