Ruins of the ancient Mayan city of Calakmul surrounded by the jungle, Campeche, Mexico

© Alfredo Matus/Shutterstoc

The ruins of a Mayan superpower

Deep in the jungle of southern Mexico lay the ruins of a city that thrived for centuries before it was abandoned more than 1,000 years ago. Calakmul was once one of the two duelling superpowers - along with Tikal - of the Classical Mayan civilisation. At its height, around 1,200 years ago, the city of Calakmul had a population of about 50,000 people, but the kingdom as a whole numbered more than 1.5 million. Archaeologists have uncovered 6,750 structures here - the largest is this pyramid temple, called, simply, 'Structure 2'. It's one of the tallest and most massive remaining structures from that highly advanced culture. The ruins of the city proper cover more than 20 square kilometres in the jungle and the kingdom once ruled over settlements as far as 144 kilometres away.

All the more amazing, then, that it was apparently lost to history until an American botanist named Cyrus L. Lundell discovered it when flying over the jungle on a survey of the area in December 1931. A few expeditions were sent to explore it over the next few years, but it went largely unstudied until the 1980s. Calakmul is now recognised as one of the most important archaeological sites in southern Mexico.