Ubehebe Crater in Death Valley National Park, California, USA

© Albert Knapp/Alam

When Death Valley blew its top

Deep below Death Valley, in the US state of California, blazing hot magma once gushed up from the depths until it hit water trapped underground. The magma turned the water into steam, building up pressure until the Earth's crust blew its top in a ferocious explosion. The hydrovolcanic eruption sent up a mushroom cloud of steam and spewed burnt volcanic cinders for miles. It also left the giant crater seen in this photo and 12 smaller ones spread across the surface.

The Ubehebe Crater (pronounced you-bee-HEE-bee) is half-a-mile across and more than 700ft (213m) deep. Geologically speaking, Ubehebe and the other craters here are quite young. A 2016 study concluded that the craters were all formed in a relatively brief series of explosions, over a period of days or weeks, about 2,100 years ago. Another eruption could happen, but seismometers in the region will alert geologists (hopefully) to any future volcanic unrest. A trail around the rim of the crater offers views of the colourful layers of stone along the walls. Adventurous hikers can climb to the bottom, but it's a long slog back out again, especially on a sweltering summer day here in one of the hottest places on Earth.